Jump to content

Centenarian

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A centenarian is a person who has reached the age of 100 years. Because life expectancies worldwide are below 100, the term is invariably associated with longevity. The United Nations estimated that there were 316,600 living centenarians worldwide in 2012,[1] and 573,000 in 2020, almost quadruple the 2000 estimate of 151,000.[2]

As world population and life expectancy continue to increase, the number of centenarians is expected to increase substantially in the 21st century.[3] According to the Office of National Statistics in the United Kingdom, one-third of babies born in the country in 2013 are expected to live to 100.[4]

According to a 1998 United Nations demographic survey, Japan is expected to have 272,000 centenarians by 2050;[5] other sources suggest that the number could be closer to 1 million.[6] The incidence of centenarians in Japan was one per 3,522 people in 2008.[7]

In Japan, the number of centenarians is highly skewed towards females. Japan in fiscal year 2016 had 57,525 female centenarians, while there were 8,167 males, a ratio of 7:1. The increase of centenarians was even more skewed at 11.6:1.[8]

Worldwide incidence by country

[edit]

The total number of centenarians in the world is uncertain. The Population Division of the United Nations estimated that there were 23,000 in 1950, 110,000 in 1990, 150,000 in 1995, 209,000 in 2000, 324,000 in 2005,[9] 455,000 in 2009,[10] and 935,000 in 2024.[11]

These older estimates, however, did not take into account downward adjustments of national estimates made by several countries such as the United States. The UN estimated in 2012, as a result of these adjustments, that there were only 316,600 centenarians worldwide.[1] The following table gives estimated centenarian populations by country, including both the latest and the earliest known estimates, where available.

A study[12] which received a 2024 Ig Nobel Prize[13] found these numbers are inflated by welfare and pension fraud and poor record-keeping, neither of which are uniform across jurisdictions.[14]

Chances of surviving to age 100 in the UK in 2013
Country Latest estimate (year) Earliest estimate (year) Centenarians per
100,000 people
Andorra 7 (2002)[15] 10.2
Argentina 7,299 (2023)[16] 234 (1869);[17] 863 (1947)[18] 15.5
Australia 8,262 (2021)[19] 50 (1901) 32.1
Austria 1,686 (2022)[20] 232 (1990),[21] 25 (1960)[21] 18.8
Barbados 114 (2016)[22][23] 39.9
Belgium 2,163 (2021)[24] 23 (1950)[25] 18.8
Brazil 23,760 (2010)[25] 12.5
Bulgaria 353 (2022)[26] 233 (2010) 5.5
Cambodia 3,143 (2019)[27] 20.2
Canada 12,822 (2021)[28] 33.5
China 54,166 (2013)[29] 4,469 (1990),[25] 17,800 (2007)[30] 4.0
Czech Republic 845 (2020)[31] 404 (2006)[32] 7.9
Denmark 1,220 (2022)[33] 32 (1941)[34] 20.8
Dominica 23 (July 2021)[35] 31.9
Estonia 154 (2021)[36] 42 (1990)[21] 11.6
Finland 1,038 (2020)[37] 11 (1960)[21] 18.8
France 25,961 (2021)[38] 100 (1900)[39] 38.4[40]
Germany 23,513 (2021)[41] 232 (1885)[42] 28.2
Hungary 3,363 (2021)[36] 76 (1949), 227 (1990)[43] 34.6
Iceland 43 (2021)[36][44] 3 (1960)[21] 11.7
India 27,000 (2015)[45] 2.1
Ireland 2,179 (2021)[36] 87 (1990)[21] 43.5
Israel 3,061 (2017)[46] 35.1
Italy 22,552 (2024)[47] 99 (1872)[34] 38.23
Japan 95,119 (2024)[48] 81 (1884),[49] 105 (1930),[50] 97 (1950),[50] 155 (1960),[51] 54,397 (2013)[52] 76.5
Malaysia 2,296 (2024)[53] 6.7
Mexico 18,295 (2020)[54] 2,403 (1990) 14.5
Netherlands 2 555 (2024)[55] 18 (1830)[56] 14.4
New Zealand 1,078 (2024)[57] 18 (1960);[21] 297 (1991)[58] 20.9
Norway 1,309 (2022)[59] 44 (1951)[34] 24.1
Peru 2,707 (2013) 1,682 (2011)[60] 8.4
Poland 7,232 (2021)[36] 500 (1970)[61] 19.1
Portugal 5,025 (2021)[36] 48.8
Romania 2,087 (2024)[62] - 10.9
Russia 22,600 (2020)[63] 6,700 (2007) 15.5
Singapore 1,500 (2020)[64] 41 (1990)[21] 26.38
Slovenia 281 (2021)[65] 2 (1953),[66] 224 (2013)[65] 13.3[65]
Slovakia 401 (2021)[67] 7.4
South Africa 15,581 (2011)[68] 30.1
South Korea 21,912 (2020)[69] 961 42.4
Spain 19,573 (2022)[70] 4,269 (2002)[71] 41.1
Sweden 2,410 (2021)[72] 46 (1950) 23.1
Switzerland 1,726 (2021) 7 (1860)[34] 19.9
Thailand 26,137 (2021)[73] 39.5
Turkey 5,780 (2021)[36] 6.9
United Kingdom 15,120 (2020)[74] 107 (1911)[34][75] 23
United States 83,732 (2023)[76] 2,300 (1950),[77] 53,364 (2010)[78] 25.0
Uruguay 519 (2011)[79] 15.8[80]
World estimates 934,776 (2024)[11] 23,000 (1950), 316,600 (2012)[1] 11.6

Supercentenarians

[edit]
Aarne Arvonen (1897–2009), a supercentenarian from Finland, was one of the oldest men ever, living for 111 years and 150 days.

A supercentenarian, sometimes hyphenated as super-centenarian, is a person who has reached the age of 110 years. This age milestone is only achieved by about one in a thousand centenarians.

Even rarer is a person who has lived to 115. There are 75 people in recorded history who have indisputably reached 115. Only three of the people who have reached 115 are men. Tomiko Itooka, Inah Canabarro Lucas, Ethel Caterham and Okagi Hayashi are the only verified people currently alive who have reached the 115 years milestone.[81][82][83][84]

Jeanne Calment from France is the only age-verified person in human history to have reached the age of 120 years.

Recognition and congratulations

[edit]

History, blessings and traditions

[edit]

An aspect of blessing in many cultures is to offer a wish that the recipient lives to 100 years old. Among Hindus in India, where touching feet of elders and respected is a tradition, people who touch the feet of elders are often blessed with "May you live a hundred years". In Sweden, the traditional birthday song states, May he/she live for one hundred years. In Judaism, May you live to be 120 years old is a common blessing. In Poland, Sto lat, a wish to live a hundred years, is a traditional form of praise and good wishes, and the song "sto lat, sto lat" is sung on the occasion of the birthday celebrations—arguably, it is the most popular song in Poland and among Poles around the globe.

According to legends, Sages from ancient India lived and meditated for tens of thousands of years while Great Kings ruled their kingdoms for thousands of years.

Chinese emperors were hailed to live ten thousand years, while empresses were hailed to live a thousand years.

In Italy, "A hundred of these days!" (cento di questi giorni) is an augury for birthdays, to live to celebrate 100 more birthdays.[85] Some Italians say "A cent'anni!", which means "(up) To a hundred years", in that they wish that they could all live happily for a hundred years. In Greece, wishing someone Happy Birthday ends with the expression να τα εκατοστήσεις (na ta ekatostisis), which can be loosely translated as "may you make it one hundred birthdays". In Sri Lanka, it is a custom to bless as "you may live 220 instead of 120".

In many countries, people receive a gift or congratulations from federal/state institutions on their 100th birthday.

United States

[edit]
Greeting card sent by former United States President Gerald R. Ford and First Lady Betty Ford

As of 2019, there were an estimated 72,000 centenarians living in the U.S.; the 2020 census officially counted 80,139, and the 2010 census had 53,364.[86] However, the U.S. Census Bureau claimed in 1999 that as many as a third of people stating their age as over 100 might be exaggerating.[86]

In the United States, centenarians may request a letter of congratulation from the president of the United States to mark their longevity.[87] Jimmy Carter became the first former president to reach the age of 100 on October 1, 2024.[88][89]

Today also presents a segment honoring centenarians and older, sponsored by Smuckers. The tradition was created in 1983 by weather presenter Willard Scott, and is now presented by his successor Al Roker.[90]

Asia

[edit]

Japanese centenarians receive a silver cup and a certificate from the prime minister of Japan upon the Respect for the Aged Day following their 100th birthday, honouring them for their longevity and prosperity in their lives.[91][92][93]

In Madhya Pradesh, India, the award known as Shatayu Samman is given out to people who live at least 100 years to promote awareness of good health.[94]

North Korean centenarians receive a birthday congratulatory letter from the Supreme Leader of the DPRK. On 6 July 2022, Pak Hak Sil, a centenarian living in Koup-ri of Kangnam County, Pyongyang, received a birthday letter sent by Kim Jong Un.[95]

In the Philippines, Republic Act No. 10868 better known as the Centenarians Act of 2016 mandates that all living Filipinos residing in the Philippines or overseas receive a birthday congratulatory letter from the President of the Philippines and a ₱100,000 "Centenarian Gift" from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).[96]

In Taiwan, people aged 100 or above receive a golden pendant necklace on Chong Yang Festival each year from the president and Ministry of Health and Welfare.[97][98][99]

Europe

[edit]

German centenarians receive a letter of congratulations from the president of Germany.

In Ireland, centenarians can receive a €2,540 "Centenarians' Bounty" and a letter from the president of Ireland, even if they are resident abroad.[100] Irish people celebrating their 101st birthday may also receive a special silver minted coin with a quote by a famous Irish writer or poet.[101]

Centenarians born in Italy receive a letter of congratulations from the president of Italy.[citation needed]

In the Netherlands, the monarch and their commissioner sends a letter on the 100th birthday and on every birthday beginning with the 105th.[102]

Swedish centenarians receive a telegram from the king and queen of Sweden.[103]

British and Commonwealth realms

[edit]

In Commonwealth realms including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand centenarians can receive congratulations card greetings from the monarch King Charles III on their 100th birthday. In the UK, greeting cards are also sent by the monarch on every birthday beginning with the 105th.[104][105][106]

In Commonwealth realms in which the monarch does not ordinarily reside, honorees can also receive congratulations from the governor-general. In Canada, application must be made through the GGS official website.[106] Similarly, in New Zealand, honorees must apply for greetings through the official government website.[105]

British traditions

[edit]
Queen Elizabeth II sent a greeting card to centenarians as a congratulations.

The traditions of British centenarians receiving greetings and congratulations was established by King Edward VII in 1908.

The famous acrobat and tightrope walker Henry Johnson received a congratulatory letter from Edward VII via his royal courtier Viscount Knollys in 1906.[107] The tradition of royal congratulations continued in 1908, when the secretary for King Edward VII sent a congratulatory letter to Reverend Thomas Lord of Horncastle, Lincolnshire, in a newspaper clipping, declaring, "I am commanded by the King to congratulate you on the attainment of your hundredth year, after a most useful life".[citation needed]

The practice was formalised from 1917, under the reign of King George V, who also sent congratulations then sent by a telegram on the attainment of a diamond wedding anniversary (or jubilee) marking 60 years of marriage.

During the reign of King George V, only 24 telegrams were sent; however, with the aging population, this increased to 273 during 1952, when the longest-reigning monarch Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne.[104] The Queen also sent a telegram, and later a portrait-style greeting card with the notation, "I am so pleased to know that you are celebrating your one hundredth birthday. I send my congratulations and best wishes to you on such a special occasion." Each few years the card was updated with a current updated picture of the Queen to ensure people did not receive the same card more than once. The Queen further sent her congratulations on one's 105th birthday and every year thereafter as well as on special wedding anniversaries.[108]

Centenarians in antiquity

[edit]

While the number of centenarians per capita was much lower in ancient times than today, the data suggest that they were not unheard of.[109][better source needed]

Estimates of life expectancy in antiquity are far lower than modern values mostly due to the far greater incidence of deaths in infancy or childhood. Those who lived past early childhood had a reasonable chance of living to a relatively old age.[110] The assumption of what constitutes "old age", or being "elderly", at least, seems to have remained unchanged since antiquity, the line being generally drawn at either sixty or sixty-five years;[111] Psalm 90:10 in the Hebrew Bible appears to give seventy to eighty years as the natural life expectancy of a person surviving into old age, "The years of our life are seventy, or even by reason of strength eighty".

A survey of the lifespans of male individuals with entries in the Oxford Classical Dictionary (i.e., a sample pre-selected to include those who lived long enough to attain historical notability) found a median lifespan of 72 years, and a range of 32 to 107 years, for 128 individuals born before 100 BC (though the same study found a median lifespan of 66 years for 100 individuals born after 100 BC but no later than 602 AD); by comparison, male individuals listed in Chambers Biographical Dictionary who died between 1900 and 1949 had a median lifespan of 71.5 years, with a range between 29 and 105 years.

The author of the 1994 study concluded that it was only in the second half of the 20th century that medical advances have extended the life expectancy of those who live into adulthood.[112]

Reliable references to individuals in antiquity who lived past 100 years are quite rare, but they do exist. For instance, Cicero's wife Terentia was reported by Pliny the Elder to have lived from 98 BC to 6 AD, 103 years.[113] Regnal dates of Bronze Age monarchs are notoriously unreliable; the sixth dynasty Egyptian ruler Pepi II is sometimes listed as having lived c. 2278 – c. 2184 BC, as he is said to have reigned for 94 years,[114] but alternative readings cite a reign of just 64 years.[115] Adad-guppi, mother of the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabonidus apparently lived from c. 648-544 BC (c. 104 years) according to inscriptions on funeral steles.[116]

Diogenes Laërtius (c. AD 250) gives one of the earliest references regarding the plausible centenarian longevity given by a scientist, the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea (c. 185 – c. 120 BC), who, according to the doxographer, said that the philosopher Democritus of Abdera (c. 470/460 – c. 370/360 BC) lived 109 years. Other ancient accounts of Democritus agree that the philosopher lived at least 90 years. The case of Democritus differs from those of, for example, Epimenides of Crete (7th and 6th centuries BC), who is said to have lived an implausible 154, 157, or 290 years, depending on the source.

Other ancient Greek philosophers thought to have lived beyond the age of 90 include Xenophanes of Colophon (c. 570/565 – c. 475/470BC), Pyrrho of Ellis (c. 360 – c. 270 BC), and Eratosthenes of Cirene (c. 285 – c. 190 BC). Also, the Greek rhetorician Isocrates of Athens (436-338 BC) lived 97/98 years and the famous Greek tragedian Sophocles (497/496-406/405 BC) lived at least 90 years.

Hosius of Córdoba, the man who convinced Constantine the Great to call the First Council of Nicaea, reportedly lived to age 102.[citation needed]

A rare record of an ordinary person who lived to be a centenarian is the tombstone of Roman British legionary veteran Julius Valens, inscribed "VIXIT ANNIS C".[117]

In the medieval period, Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan (d. 1097) is said by Bernold of Constance to have lived past 100 years (iam maior centenario).[118]

Research

[edit]

Research in Italy suggests that healthy centenarians have high levels of both vitamin A and vitamin E and that this seems to be important in causing their extreme longevity.[119] Other research contradicts this, however, and has found that this theory does not apply to centenarians from Sardinia, for whom other factors probably play a more important role.[120] A preliminary study carried out in Poland showed that, in comparison with young healthy female adults, centenarians living in Upper Silesia had significantly higher red blood cell glutathione reductase and catalase activities, although serum levels of vitamin E were not significantly higher.[121] Researchers in Denmark have also found that centenarians exhibit a high activity of glutathione reductase in red blood cells. In this study, the centenarians having the best cognitive and physical functional capacity tended to have the highest activity of this enzyme.[122]

Other research has found that people whose parents became centenarians have an increased number of naïve B cells. It is well known that the children of parents who have a long life are also likely to reach a healthy age, but it is not known why, although the inherited genes are probably important.[123] A variation in the gene FOXO3A is known to have a positive effect on the life expectancy of humans, and is found much more often in people living to 100 and beyond – moreover, this appears to be true worldwide.[124]

Men and women who are 100 or older tend to have extroverted personalities, according to Thomas T. Perls, the director of the New England Centenarian Study at Boston University.[125] Centenarians will often have many friends, strong ties to relatives and high self-esteem. In addition, some research suggests that the offspring of centenarians are more likely to age in better cardiovascular health than their peers.[126]

DNA repair

[edit]

Lymphoblastoid cell lines established from blood samples of centenarians have significantly higher activity of the DNA repair protein PARP (Poly ADP ribose polymerase) than cell lines from younger (20 to 70 years old) individuals.[127] The lymphocytic cells of centenarians have characteristics typical of cells from young people, both in their capability of priming the mechanism of repair after H2O2 sublethal oxidative DNA damage and in their PARP capacity.[128] PARP activity measured in the permeabilized mononuclear leukocyte blood cells of thirteen mammalian species correlated with maximum lifespan of the species.[129] These findings suggest that PARP mediated DNA repair activity contributes to the longevity of centenarians, consistent with the DNA damage theory of aging.[130]

Japanese bio-study

[edit]

Many experts attribute Japan's high life expectancy to the typical Japanese diet, which is particularly low in refined simple carbohydrates, and to hygienic practices. The number of centenarians in relation to the total population was, in September 2010, 114% higher in Shimane Prefecture than the national average. This ratio was also 92% higher in Okinawa Prefecture.[131][132][133] In Okinawa, studies have shown five factors that have contributed to the large number of centenarians in that region:[131]

  1. A diet that is heavy on grains, fish, and vegetables and light on meat, eggs, and dairy products.
  2. Low-stress lifestyles, which are proven significantly less stressful than that of the mainland inhabitants of Japan.
  3. A caring community, where older adults are not isolated and are taken better care of.
  4. High levels of activity, where locals work until an older age than the average age in other countries, and more emphasis on activities like walking and gardening to keep active.
  5. Spirituality, where a sense of purpose comes from involvement in spiritual matters and prayer eases the mind of stress and problems.[131]

Although these factors vary from those mentioned in the previous study, the culture of Okinawa has proven these factors to be important in its large population of centenarians.[131]

A historical study from Korea found that male eunuchs in the royal court had a centenarian rate of over 3%, and that eunuchs lived on average 14 to 19 years longer than uncastrated men.[134]

Epigenetic studies

[edit]

By measuring the biological age of various tissues from centenarians, researchers may be able to identify tissues that are protected from aging effects. According to a study of 30 different body parts from centenarians and younger controls, the cerebellum is the youngest brain region (and probably body part) in centenarians (about 15 years younger than expected[135]) according to an epigenetic biomarker of tissue age known as epigenetic clock.[136]

These findings could explain why the cerebellum exhibits fewer neuropathological hallmarks of age related dementias compared to other brain regions. Further, the offspring of semi-supercentenarians (subjects who reached an age of 105–109 years) have a lower epigenetic age than age-matched controls (age difference=5.1 years in peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and centenarians are younger (8.6 years) than expected based on their chronological age.[137]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Chapter 1: Setting the Scene" (PDF). UNFPA. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  2. ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". population.un.org. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  3. ^ "Life expectancy to soar". BBC News. 9 May 2002.
  4. ^ "[Archived Content] One third of babies born in 2013 are expected to live to 100". ONS. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  5. ^ "Demographics of older persons". UN. 1 October 1998. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  6. ^ "Japan centenarians at record high". BBC News. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  7. ^ De plus en plus de centenaires au Japon (PDF) Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Agence France Presse via Avmaroc.com. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  8. ^ "Aging Japan now has 65692 centenarians". The Japan Times. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  9. ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision" Archived 16 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  10. ^ "World Population Ageing 2009". (PDF) ST/ESA/SER.A/295. Population Division – Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations. October 2010. p.27.
  11. ^ a b "International Database (IDB) - Single Year Age Groups: World". U.S. Census Bureau.
  12. ^ Newman, Saul Justin (2024). "Supercentenarian and remarkable age records exhibit patterns indicative of clerical errors and pension fraud". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/704080.
  13. ^ "'The data on extreme human ageing is rotten from the inside out' – Ig Nobel winner Saul Justin Newman". The Conversation. 13 September 2024.
  14. ^ Ari Daniel (8 October 2024). "Alive on paper but dead in reality — why fewer people may be reaching advanced age". NPR.
  15. ^ "Andorra". Celvin Ruisdael. 2002. Archived from the original on 30 May 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2013.[unreliable source?]
  16. ^ "Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina: 2023". RENAPER. August 2023.
  17. ^ "Primer Censo de la República Argentina (1869)" (PDF). Imprenta El Porvenir. p. 29.
  18. ^ "Demographic Yearbook: 1955" (PDF). Statistical Office of the United Nations. p. 311.
  19. ^ "Home >Statistics>People Population National, state and territory population >September 2021> Data downloads - data cubes>Population by age and sex - national>Tabel8 Estimated resident population, by age and sex–at 30 June 2021". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  20. ^ Austrian Demographics retrieved 1 October 2014
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h Jeune, B. (March 2000). "In Search of the First Centenarians". Demogr.mpg.de. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  22. ^ Nationnews « Barbados home to over 100 centenarians » Archived 24 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ CentenariansofBarbados.com, Government of Barbados
  24. ^ "Statbel>Thèmes>Population>Structure de la population>Population par lieu de résidence, nationalité (Belge/non-Belge), état civil, âge et sexe
    (Statbel>Themes>Population>Population structure>Population by place of residence, nationality (Belgian/non-Belgian), marital status, age and sex)"
    . Statbel. w:Statistics Belgium. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  25. ^ a b c Herm, A.; Cheung, S.L.K.; Poulain, M. (1 June 2012). "Population Statistics". Asian Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics. pp. 19–25 [20]. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  26. ^ "Население по статистически райони, възраст, местоживеене и пол" (in Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  27. ^ "ស្ថិតិរបស់ក្រសួងផែនការៈ ប្រជាជនកម្ពុជាដែលមានអាយុ ១០០ឆ្នាំឡើងមានជាង ៣០០០នាក់" (in Khmer). Rasmei News. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  28. ^ Statistics Canada (9 September 2021). "Population estimates on July 1st, by age and sex". Statistics Canada. doi:10.25318/1710000501-eng. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  29. ^ "Top 10 national longevity announced: over 50,000 elderly people over 100 years old(中国の長寿者トップ10発表 百歳以上の高齢者5万人超)". People's Daily Japanese (in Japanese). 17 October 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  30. ^ Lee, Sharon. "17.8 thousand centenarians in China". Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Rednet.cn. 30 December 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  31. ^ "Home>We publish>Catalogue of Products >Age Distribution of the Population - 2020>Population by age as of 31 December 2020" (Excel). w:Český statistický úřad(Czech Statistical Office). 13 August 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  32. ^ Prague Daily Monitor. "Number of centenarians rising in Czech Republic" Archived 17 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. 14 October 2011 (against 404 in November 2006: Horaova, Pavla. "Number of Centenarians Rising as Population Ageing Continues". Radio Praha. 15 November 2006).
  33. ^ Statistics Sweden (SCB) (January 2022). "People>FOLK1A: Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age and marital status" (Excel). Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  34. ^ a b c d e Robine, Jean-Marie; Caselli, Graziella (January–March 2005). "An unprecedented increase in the number of centenarians". Genus. 61 (1): 57–82. JSTOR 29788836.
  35. ^ "Dominica loses four centenarians within three months; the count now decreases to 23". Dominica News Online.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g Eurostat (24 March 2022). "Population on 1 January by age and sex". Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  37. ^ "Population 31.12. by Year, Area, Urban-rural classification, Sex, Information and Age". Statistics Finland's PxWeb databases. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2022.[permanent dead link]
  38. ^ "Bilan démographique 2021>Pyramides des âges>au 1er janvier 2021(Demographic report 2021>Age pyramids>as of January 1, 2021)" (Excel). L'Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (フランス国立統計経済研究所). 18 January 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  39. ^ INED « Nombre de centenaires. Evolution et projection »; data Archived 30 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Insee 21 000 centenaires en 2016 en France, 270 000 en 2070 ?", January 2016.
  41. ^ Zahl der mindestens Hundertjährigen im Jahr 2021 auf neuem Höchststand. destatis.de, 12. Juli 2022
  42. ^ [ Displaying Abstract ] (25 October 2010). "Centenarians in Germany". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  43. ^ "Magyar statisztikai évkönyv, 2015 – Grafikonok". Ksh.hu. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  44. ^ "Mannfjöldi eftir kyni og aldri 1841-2015". Hagstofa Íslands. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  45. ^ PEW: World's centenarian population projected to grow eightfold by 2050 Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  46. ^ "Population by age, sex and urban/rural residence: latest available year, 2009-2018" Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  47. ^ "Popolazione residente al 1° Gennaio 2021 per sesso, età e stato civile (n) Italia(Resident population as of 1 January 2021 by sex, age and marital status (n) Italy)". demo.istat.it. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  48. ^ "Congratulatory letter and presentation of souvenirs to 100-year-old seniors: 47,888 hundred-year-olds were awarded (百歳の高齢者へのお祝い状及び記念品の贈呈について 百歳高齢者表彰の対象者は47,888人)" (Press release). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  49. ^ Cabinet Statistics Bureau (内閣統計局) (1914), III. Population 19. Registered domicile population by age and gender age by 5 years old (nationwide) (III. 人口 19.本籍人口年齢大別及男女年齢五歳階級別(全国)), Japan Empire Statistical Yearbook (日本帝国統計年鑑), vol. 33, Tokyo Statistics Association (東京統計協会), p. 36, doi:10.11501/2216954
  50. ^ a b "Demographic data collection in 2021 (人口統計資料集(2021))". National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (国立社会保障・人口問題研究所). Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  51. ^ Kannisto, Väinö (1994). "Development of Oldest-Old Mortality, 1950–1990: Evidence from 28 Developed Countries" Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Monographs on Population Aging. No.1. Odense University Press: Odense, Denmark. 108 pp. Updated 1 February 1999. Table5Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ McCurry, Justin (13 September 2013). "Centenarians set to hit record high of 54,397". London. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  53. ^ "International Database (IDB) - Single Year Age Groups: Malaysia". U.S. Census Bureau.
  54. ^ "Población total por entidad federativa y grupo quinquenal de edad según sexo, serie de años censales de 1990 a 2020". Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia (in Spanish). 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  55. ^ "Hoeveel ouderen zijn er in Nederland?" (Press release) (in Dutch). Statistics Netherlands (CBS). 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  56. ^ 1830 Census (in Dutch). Volkstellingen.nl. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  57. ^ "International Database (IDB) - Single Year Age Groups: New Zealand". U.S. Census Bureau.
  58. ^ Wilkinson, T. J.; Sainsbury, R. (1998). "A census-based comparison of centenarians in New Zealand with those in the United States". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 46 (4): 488–491. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb02472.x. PMID 9560074. S2CID 24620147.
  59. ^ Statistics Norway (2022). "Home>Population>Population count>Population>07459: Population, by sex and one-year age groups (M) 1986 - 2022". Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  60. ^ EleccionesPeru and Elcomercio.pe. "1,682 electors are over 100 years" Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Lima, Peru. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  61. ^ "Specemerytura dla stulatka (in Polish)". Money.pl. 30 August 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  62. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă la 1 ianuarie 2024 şi migraţia internaţională în anul 2023". National Institute of Statistics (Romania). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  63. ^ "Росстат подсчитал число россиян старше 100 лет" (in Russian). РИА Новости. 19 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  64. ^ Tan, Teresa; Goh, Yan Han (1 October 2020). "Reaching 100: Number of centenarians in Singapore has doubled in 10 years". The Straits Times. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  65. ^ a b c Statistični urad Republike Slovenije(Statistical Office of Slovenia) (2021). "Prebivalstvo po velikih in petletnih starostnih skupinah in spolu, statistične regije, Slovenija, letno(Population by large and five-year age group and sex, statistical regions, Slovenia, annual)". Statistični urad Republike Slovenije(Statistical Office of Slovenia. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  66. ^ "Prebivalstvo" (PDF). Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije 1966. Statistični urad Republike Slovenije. 1966. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  67. ^ Sčítanie obyvateľov, domov a bytov(Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic) (2021). "Number of population by age units in the Slovak Republic at 1. 1. 2021". Sčítanie obyvateľov, domov a bytov(Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic). Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  68. ^ "15 000 in SA aged over 100 – Census". News24. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  69. ^ "[News Focus] 1 in 4 female Seoulites aged 60 or over". The Korea Herald. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  70. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain) 2020". Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  71. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)". Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  72. ^ "Befolkningsstatistik>Helårsstatistik – Riket>Äldre i befolkningen(人口統計>年間統計-国全体>高齢者人口)". SCB. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  73. ^ "1 สถิติประชากรศาสตร์ ประชากรและเคหะ>ขนาดและโครงสร้างของประชากรตามอายุและเพศ>จำนวนประชากรจากการทะเบียน จำแนกตามอายุ เพศ ภาคและจังหวัด พ.ศ. 2564(1 Demographic statistics Population and Housing > Population size and structure by age and sex >Age, gender, sector, registered population by prefecture, Buddhist calendar 2564(AD2021))". Department of Provincial Administration, Ministry of Interior. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  74. ^ "Estimates of the very old, including centenarians, UK: 2002 to 2020". Office for National Statistics. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  75. ^ "Scotland in 1911". scotland.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  76. ^ United States Census Bureau (25 June 2024). "National Population by Characteristics: 2020-2023 Tables>Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Selected Age Groups by Sex for the United States: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 (NC-EST2023-AGESEX)" (Excel). Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  77. ^ Krach, Constance A. and Velkoff, Victoria A (1999). "Centenarians in the United States". Current Population Reports (Series P23-199RV). U.S. Bureau of the Census. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. iii + 18 pp.
  78. ^ Meyer, Julie (December 2012). "Centenarians: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  79. ^ "Población por área y sexo, según grupo quinquenal de edades". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Uruguay). Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  80. ^ Total population: 3,285,877 + 437 homeless, per 2011 census data Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  81. ^ Robine, Jean-Marie; Vaupel, James W. (July 2002). "Emergence of supercentenarians in low-mortality countries" (PDF). North American Actuarial Journal. 6 (3): 54–63. doi:10.1080/10920277.2002.10596057. S2CID 129046321. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  82. ^ "Publications". Supercentenarians. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  83. ^ Supercentenarians by H. Maier, J. Gampe, B. Jeune, J.-M. Robine and J.W. Vaupel. Springer 2010. Demographic Research Monographs. Springerlink.com. 2010. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11520-2. ISBN 978-3-642-11519-6.
  84. ^ "Gerontology Research Group Index Page, as of [1997 - 2007]". Grg.org. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  85. ^ Italian Translation Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. AllExperts.com. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  86. ^ a b Richard Saul Wurman; Nigel Holmes (2019). Mortality. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-578-50305-9.
  87. ^ "Presidential Greeting Request". The White House. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  88. ^ Barrow, Bill; Kramon, Charlotte (1 October 2024). "Jimmy Carter and his hometown of Plains celebrate the 39th president's 100th birthday". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  89. ^ Grande, Peggy (1 October 2024). "Happy birthday to America's first presidential centenarian". Fox News. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  90. ^ "Willard Scott Dies: 'Today' Weatherman Who Celebrated Centenarians Was 87". 4 September 2021.
  91. ^ Ageing Japan cuts cost of 100th birthday gifts March 3, 2009 Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Reuters Retrieved 26 September 2015
  92. ^ Izadi, Elahe Japan has so many super old people that it can't afford to give them special sake cups anymore August 21, 2015 The Washington Post Retrieved 26 September 2015
  93. ^ Plucinska, Joanna (20 August 2015). "Japan Can't Afford to Give Centenarians Gifts Anymore Because There Are Too Many of Them". Time. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  94. ^ "'Oldest' Indian man dies in Madhya Pradesh". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  95. ^ "Centenarian Receives Birthday Spread". Uriminzokkiri. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  96. ^ [/https://www.dswd.gov.ph/download/senior_citizens/laws_on_senior_citizens/IRR-RA-10868-Centenarians-Act.pdf "Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act (RA) No. 10868, otherwise known as the "Centenarians Act of 2016""] (PDF). Department of Social Welfare and Development. Retrieved 2 October 2024. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  97. ^ "衛福部年度重陽節致贈人瑞金鎖片採購案". 崇光金品. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  98. ^ 蔡, 慧貞. "衛福部贈重陽金鎖片 爆百名幽靈人瑞". 風傳媒. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  99. ^ 郭, 建志. "敬老人瑞金鎖片 再貴也要買". 工商時報. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  100. ^ "Centenarians abroad to get birthday bonus". Irish Times. 3 March 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2010.[permanent dead link]
  101. ^ "Ripe old age earns more centenarians, a tidy birthday bonus from President". 9 March 2007.
  102. ^ "Jubilea - Onderscheidingen - Diensten". Gemeente Nijmegen.
  103. ^ "Fler 100-åringar ger hovet merarbete" (in Swedish). Göteborgs-Posten. 29 December 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  104. ^ a b "King Charles III first set of 100th birthday cards delivered". BBC News. 23 October 2022.
  105. ^ a b "Congratulatory Messages New Zealand Government". 14 February 2023.
  106. ^ a b "Requesting a Greeting The Governor General of Canada". 25 October 2017.
  107. ^ "Performers of the Past: famous Grantham gymnast, interesting recollections". Boston Guardian and Lincolnshire Independent. Genes Reunited. 26 August 1905. p. 4 col.7. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  108. ^ "A Royal tradition: The Queen's 100th birthday messages". Archived from the original on 15 February 2019.
  109. ^ Postel-Vinay O (July–August 1999). "Histoire Le Cas de la Grèce Antique". La Recherche Special (in French). 322: 90. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011.
  110. ^ Mirko Grmek and Danielle Gourevitch (1998). Illness in Antiquity. Fayard.
  111. ^ JOURNAL ARTICLE M. I. Finley, "The Elderly in Classical Antiquity", Greece & Rome 28.2 (1981), 156-171
  112. ^ Montagu JD (January 1994). "Length of life in the ancient world: a controlled study". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 87. On this analysis, it is only in the present half-century that advances in medicine have allowed us to outlive those ancients of the BC era who managed to survive the early perils.
  113. ^ Pliny, Naturalis Historia, lib. vii, 158.
  114. ^ "A Short History of Egypt: Part I: From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  115. ^ Jacques Kinnaer. "Pepi II". Ancient-Egypt.org. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  116. ^ Melville, Sarah C. (26 October 2012), "Adad-guppi", in Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, wbeah24003, doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah24003, ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6
  117. ^ Funerary inscription for Julius Valens. Roman Inscriptions of Britain – RIB 363.
  118. ^ Bernoldi Chronicon (1097). MGH SS V, p. 465.
  119. ^ Mecocci P, Polidori MC, Troiano L, et al. (April 2000). "Plasma antioxidants and longevity: a study on healthy centenarians". Free Radic Biol Med. 28 (8): 1243–8. doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00246-X. PMID 10889454.
  120. ^ Polidori MC, Mariani E, Baggio G, et al. (July 2007). "Different antioxidant profiles in Italian centenarians: the Sardinian peculiarity". Eur J Clin Nutr. 61 (7): 922–4. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602596. PMID 17228351. S2CID 34833898.
  121. ^ Kłapcińska B, Derejczyk J, Wieczorowska-Tobis K, Sobczak A, Sadowska-Krepa E, Danch A (2000). "Antioxidant defense in centenarians (a preliminary study)" (PDF). Acta Biochim. Pol. 47 (2): 281–92. doi:10.18388/abp.2000_4008. PMID 11051193.
  122. ^ Andersen HR, Jeune B, Nybo H, Nielsen JB, Andersen-Ranberg K, Grandjean P (September 1998). "Low activity of superoxide dismutase and high activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes from centenarians". Age Ageing. 27 (5): 643–8. doi:10.1093/ageing/27.5.643. PMID 12675104.
  123. ^ "Blood tests 'could be used to predict lifespan'". The Daily Telegraph. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
  124. ^ "Living longer thanks to the 'longevity gene'". PhysOrg.com. 3 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  125. ^ "Researchers Identify Personality Traits of Centenarian Offspring Which May Influence Longevity". Boston University Medical Campus. 13 April 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  126. ^ Adams ER, Nolan VG, Andersen SL, Perls TT, Terry DF (November 2008). "Centenarian offspring: start healthier and stay healthier". J Am Geriatr Soc. 56 (11): 2089–92. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01949.x. PMC 2892731. PMID 18811609.
  127. ^ Muiras ML, Müller M, Schächter F, Bürkle A (1998). "Increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in lymphoblastoid cell lines from centenarians". J. Mol. Med. 76 (5): 346–54. doi:10.1007/s001090050226. PMID 9587069. S2CID 24616650.
  128. ^ Chevanne M, Calia C, Zampieri M, Cecchinelli B, Caldini R, Monti D, Bucci L, Franceschi C, Caiafa P (2007). "Oxidative DNA damage repair and parp 1 and parp 2 expression in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphocyte cells from young subjects, old subjects, and centenarians". Rejuvenation Res. 10 (2): 191–204. doi:10.1089/rej.2006.0514. hdl:11573/142209. PMID 17518695.
  129. ^ Grube K, Bürkle A (1992). "Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in mononuclear leukocytes of 13 mammalian species correlates with species-specific life span". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (24): 11759–63. Bibcode:1992PNAS...8911759G. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.24.11759. PMC 50636. PMID 1465394.
  130. ^ Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008). Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage. In: New Research on DNA Damages (Editors: Honoka Kimura and Aoi Suzuki) Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1-47. open access, but read only Archived 25 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-1-60456-581-2
  131. ^ a b c d Santrock, John (2008). "Physical Development and Biological Aging". In Mike Ryan, Michael J. Sugarman, Maureen Spada, and Emily Pecora (eds.): A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development (pp. 129-132). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
  132. ^ Japan Times (15 September 2010). "Centenarians to Hit Record 44,000". Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  133. ^ In 2006, official data from the Okinawa Prefectural government were slightly inflated because of a methodological flaw. See Willcox, D. Craig; Willcox, Bradley J.; He Qimei; Wang Nien-chiang and Suzuki Makoto. "They Really Are That Old: A Validation Study of Centenarian Prevalence in Okinawa" Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. Vol. 63. 2008. pp. 338–349.
  134. ^ "Upside to castration? Eunuchs lived longer, study finds". Reuters via NBC. 24 September 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  135. ^ Horvath S, Mah V, Lu AT, Woo JS, Choi OW, Jasinska AJ, Riancho JA, Tung S, Coles NS, Braun J, Vinters HV, Coles LS (2015). "The cerebellum ages slowly according to the epigenetic clock". Aging. 7 (5): 294–306. doi:10.18632/aging.100742. PMC 4468311. PMID 26000617.
  136. ^ Horvath, S (2013). "DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types". Genome Biology. 14 (10): R115. doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115. PMC 4015143. PMID 24138928. (Erratum: doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0649-6, PMID 25968125,  Retraction Watch. If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{erratum|...}} with {{erratum|...|checked=yes}}.)
  137. ^ Horvath, S (2015). "Decreased epigenetic age of PBMCs from Italian semi-supercentenarians and their offspring". Aging. 7 (Dec): 1159–1170. doi:10.18632/aging.100861. PMC 4712339. PMID 26678252.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Koch, Tina; Kralik, Debbie; Power, Charmaine (2005). 100 Years Old: 24 Australian Centenarians Tell Their Stories. Camberwell, Vic: Viking. ISBN 0-670-02872-X.
[edit]